Factors reflecting water security in rural communities of Cotacachi-Ecuador canton and its relationship with water conflicts
Keywords:
Conflict, Water, Water security, CotacachiAbstract
Disputes over the quality and accessibility of water generate conflicts in the population. The causes of these conflicts can be the same as those that influence water security in a community. The objective of this research was to evaluate the perception of water conflicts and their relationship with the factors that reflect water security in the rural populations of the Cotacachi canton. A conceptual framework was developed to relate these possible factors to water conflicts. Then, based on the conceptual framework, a survey was conducted to evaluate the perception of these factors and water conflict in rural households in the canton. Subsequently, the correlation of these variables was analyzed using Spearman’s coefficient. The results showed a correlation of the economic and non-economic factors reflecting water security with the perception of water conflict in the region. The economic factors were determined by the water tariff. While the non-economic factors that showed correlation were the perception of water scarcity and the satisfied water demand for both, human consumption and agriculture.
Downloads
References
Alcívar, C., Ortíz, K. y Muñoz, R. (2015). El crecimiento poblacional y su impacto la contaminación ambiental. Revista Contribuciones a las Ciencias Sociales, 27(1), en línea. Recuperado de: http://www.eumed.net/rev/cccss/2015/01/poblacion.html
Angelakis, A. N., Valipour, M., Ahmed, A. T., Tzanakakis, V., Paranychianakis, N. V., Krasilnikoff, J., Drusiani, R., Mays, L., El Gohary, F., Koutsoyiannis, D., Khan, S. y Giacco, L. J. D. (2021). Water conflicts: From ancient to modern times and in the future. Sustainability, 13(8), 4237, pp. 1-31. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084237
Balatsky, A., Balatsky, G. y Borysov, S. (2015). Resource demand growth and sustainability due to increased world consumption. Sustainability, 7(3), pp. 3430– 3440. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.3390/su7033430
Brisman, A., McClanahan, W. y South, N. (2016). Water security, crime and conflict. Oxford University Press Bujang, M. A., Omar, E. D. y Baharum, N. A. (2018). A review on sample size determination for Cronbach’s alpha test: A simple guide for researchers. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences: MJMS, 25(6), pp. 85–99. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2018.25.6.9
Bujang, M. A., Omar, E. D. y Baharum, N. A. (2018). A review on sample size determination for Cronbach’s alpha test: a simple guide for researchers. The Malaysian journal of medical sciences, 25(6), pp. 85-99. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2018.25.6.9
Casani, S. y Knøchel, S. (2002). Application of HACCP to water reuse in the food industry. Food Control, 13(4–5), pp. 315–327. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0956-7135(02)00037-3
Casas, A. (2015). La gestión comunitaria del agua y su relación con las políticas públicas municipales: El caso del manantial de Patamburapio en el estado de Michoacán, 2009-2014. Intersticios sociales, 10, pp. 1-43. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextypid=S2007-49642015000200006
Chávez, J. (2021). Impacto del cambio climático en la agricultura en los sistemas de producción agroecológico, orgánico y convencional en los cantones Cayambe y Pedro Moncayo [Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar]. Recuperado de: https://repositorio.uasb.edu.ec/handle/10644/7921
Chiriboga, J. L. (2015). Cambio climático, agua y conflicto: disputas sociales, crisis hídrica y oportunidades de adaptación en la Sierra Centro Norte de Ecuador [Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar Sede Ecuador]. Recuperado de: https://repositorio.uasb.edu.ec/handle/10644/4738
Correa, W., Zaruma, F. y Medina, J. L. (2020). Gestión Comunitaria de los recursos hídricos. Un estudio desde el ámbito organizativo, administrativo y de comunicación. Journal of business and entrepreneurial studies, 4(1), pp. 1-28. Recuperado de: http://portal.amelica.org/ameli/jatsRepo/383/3831589011/index.html
Desinventar. (25 de Julio de 2020). Sistema de inventario de efectos de desastres. Recuperado de Ecuador-Sistemas de Información de Desastres de Emergencias: http://www.desinventar.org/es/database
Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T. y Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: a practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), pp. 399–412. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046.
Escobar-Segovia, K., Jiménez-Oyola, S., Garcés-León, D., Paz-Barzola, D., Navarrete, E. C., Romero-Crespo, P. y Salgado, B. (2021). Heavy metals in rivers affected by mining activities in Ecuador: Pollution and human health implications. Sustainable Water Resources Management XI : Effective Approaches for River Basins and Urban Catchments, 250, pp 61-72. Recuperado de: https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-ecology-and-the-environment/250/37988
Gerlak, A. K., House-Peters, L., Varady, R. G., Albrecht, T., Zúñiga-Terán, A., de Grenade, R. R., Cook, C. y Scott, C. A. (2018). Water security: A review of place- based research. Environmental science & policy, 82, pp. 79–89. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.01.009
Gobierno Autónomo Municipal de Santa Ana de Cotacachi. (2011). Plan de Desarrollo y de Ordenamiento Territorial del Cantón Cotacachi. Recuperado de: https://multimedia.planificacion.gob.ec/PDOT/descargas.html
Gutierrez-Malaxechebarria, A. M. (2014). Formal and informal irrigation in the Andean countries. An overview. Cuadernos de desarrollo rural, 11(74), pp. 26. Recuperado de: https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/desarrolloRural/article/view/7323
Heidari, H., Arabi, M., Warziniack, T. y Sharvelle, S. (2021). Effects of urban development patterns on municipal water shortage. Frontiers in Water, 3, pp. 1-11. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2021.694817
Hinojosa, L., Guerrero Villegas, W., y Arias Muñoz, P. (2017). Exploring water security and water demand determinants in rural areas. The case of canton Cotacachi in Ecuador. Water resources and rural development 10, pp. 22-32. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wrr.2018.09.001
Ho, J. Y.-E., Chan, E. Y. Y., Lam, H. C. Y., Yeung, M. P. S., Wong, C. K. P. y Yung, T. K. C. (2019). Is “perceived water insecurity” associated with disaster risk perception, preparedness attitudes, and coping ability in rural China? (A health- EDRM pilot study). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1254. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071254.
Hong, Y., Adler, R. y Huffman, G. (2006). Evaluation of the potential of NASA multi-satellite precipitation analysis in global landslide hazard assessment. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(22), pp. 1-5. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028010
Huibers, F. P. y Van Lier, J. B. (2005). Use of wastewater in agriculture: the water chain approach. Irrigation and Drainage, 54(S1), pp. S3–S9. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.181
Hutchings, P., Chan, M. Y., Cuadrado, L., Ezbakhe, F., Mesa, B., Tamekawa, C. y Franceys, R. (2015). A systematic review of success factors in the community management of rural water supplies over the past 30 years. Water Policy, 17(5), pp. 963–983. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.128
INEC. (2010). VII Censo de Población y VI de Vivienda del Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Quito: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos.
Jonkman, S. N. (2005). Global perspectives on loss of human life caused by floods. Natural Hazards (Dordrecht, Netherlands), 34(2), pp. 151–175. Recuperado de : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-004-8891-3
Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M. y Michels, L. C. (2006). The sources of four com- monly reported cutoff criteria: What did they really say? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), pp. 202–220. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105284919.
Larocque, F. (2020). Who fought for water and what did they fight for? A comparative analysis of open water conflicts in four south American countries between 2000 and 2011. IdeAs, 15, pp. 1-18. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.4000/ideas.7724.
Martín, L., y Bautista Justo, J. (2015). Análisis, prevención y resolución de conflictos por el agua en América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL. Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/11362/37877
Martínez-Austria, P. F. (2013). Los retos de la seguridad hídrica. Tecnología y ciencias del agua, 4(5), pp. 165–180. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-24222013000500011.
Martínez-Moscoso, A. y Ortiz, A. A. (2020). Las guardianas del agua y su participación en la gestión comunitaria de los recursos hídricos. Un análisis de la normativa ecuatoriana. Foro: Revista De Derecho, (34), pp. 61-84. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.32719/26312484.2020.34.4
Maurice, L., López, F., Becerra, S., Jamhoury, H., Le Menach, K., Dévier, M.-H., Budzinski, H., Prunier, J., Juteau-Martineau, G., Ochoa-Herrera, V., Quiroga, D. y Schreck, E. (2019). Drinking water quality in areas impacted by oil activities in Ecuador: Associated health risks and social perception of human exposure. The Science of the Total Environment, 690, pp. 1203–1217. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.089
Merchand, M. A. (2016). Neoextractivismo y conflictos ambientales en América Latina. Espiral, 23(66), pp. 155–192. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.32870/espiral.v23i66.5300
Mishra, B., Kumar, P., Saraswat, C., Chakraborty, S. y Gautam, A. (2021). Water security in a changing environment: Concept, challenges and solutions. Water, 13(4), pp. 490. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040490.
Nieto, N. (2011). La gestión del agua: tensiones globales y latinoamericanas. Política y cultura, 36, pp. 157–176. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-77422011000200007
Noboa, A. (2021). Proyecciones de la población de la provincia de Imbabura (Ecuador), 2011-2040. Revista “Matematica”, 19(1), pp. 1-42. Recuperado de: http://www.revistas.espol.edu.ec/index.php/matematica/article/view/785
Oviedo, H. C. y Campo-Arias, A. (2005). Aproximación al uso del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Revista colombiana de psiquiatría, 34(4), pp. 572–580. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S003474502005000400009
Purvis, B., Mao, Y. y Robinson, D. (2019). Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins. Sustainability Science, 14(3), pp. 681–695. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5.
Ruiz, R. y Pacheco, R. (2021). Panorama de los conflictos subnacionales en torno al agua en México. Aplicación de una propuesta metodológica para su identificación y caracterización. Espiral, 28(82), pp. 249–290. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-05652021000300249&lng=es&nrm=iso
Shah, S. H. (2021). How is water security conceptualized and practiced for rural livelihoods in the global South? A systematic scoping review. Water Policy, 23(5), pp. 1129–1152. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.054
Sadoff, C., Grey, D. y Borgomeo, E. (2020). Water Security. En Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Oxford University Press.
Sagaró, N. y Zamora, L. (2020). Técnicas estadísticas para identificar posibles relaciones bivariadas. Revista Cubana de Anestesiología y Reanimación, 20(2), e603. Recuperado de: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726-67182020000200008.
Tavakol, M. y Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, pp. 53–55. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
Toulkeridis, T., Tamayo, E., Simón-Baile, D., Merizalde-Mora, M. J., Reyes-Yunga, D. F., Viera-Torres, M. y Heredia, M. (2020). Climate Change according to Ecuadorian academics–Perceptions versus facts. La granja, 31(1), pp. 21–46. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.17163/lgr.n31.2020.02
Tuaza Castro, L. A. (2020). La lucha indígena por el agua en las comunidades de Nitiluisa y La Moya, Ecuador. Mundos Plurales - Revista Latinoamericana de Políticas y Acción Pública, 6(2), pp. 87–109. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.17141/mundosplurales.2.2019.4152.
van der Waldt, G. (2020). Constructing conceptual frameworks in social science research. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 16(1), 9, pp. 1-9. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.4102/td.v16i1.758.
Veisi, K., Bijani, M. y Abbasi, E. (2020). A human ecological analysis of water conflict in rural areas: Evidence from Iran. Global Ecology and Conservation, 23(e01050), e01050. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01050
Vilela-Pincay, W., Espinosa-Encarnación, M. y Bravo-González, A. (2020). La contaminación ambiental ocasionada por la minería en la provincia de El Oro. Estudios de la Gestión. Revista Internacional de Administración, 8, pp. 210–228. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.32719/25506641.2020.8.8.
Vinueza, D., Ochoa-Herrera, V., Maurice, L., Tamayo, E., Mejía, L., Tejera, E. y Machado, A. (2021). Determining the microbial and chemical contamination in Ecuador’s main rivers. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 17640. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96926-z
Wheater, H. S. (2015). Water Security – science and management challenges. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 366, pp. 23–30. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-366-23-2015.
Yüksel, I. (2010). Hydropower for sustainable water and energy development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1), pp. 462–469. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.025
Zhang, D., Sial, M. S., Ahmad, N., Filipe, A. J., Thu, P. A., Zia-Ud-Din, M. y Caleiro, A. B. (2020). Water scarcity and sustainability in an emerging economy: A management perspective for future. Sustainability, 13(1), 144, pp. 1-10. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010144.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Vanessa Estefanía Ordóñez Pozo, Darío Paul Arias-Muñoz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
